The implantable fuzzy controlled Helmholtz-left ventricular assist device: first in vitro testing

To perform first experimental tests for validation of a new left ventricular assist device (LVAD) with a high efficiency energy converter, a new pump design and a novel type of perfusion control, a functional labtype, were manufactured. With a stroke volume of 65 ml, a total pump housing volume of 450 ml (including valves and connectors), and a weight of 430 g, it is one of the smallest and lightest implantable pulsatile electromechanical LVADs. Pulsatile operation is generated by a special reduction and displacement gear which transforms a uniform rotational movement of a sensorless, electronically commutated DC motor into a translatory pusher plate movement. A prolonged duration for filling (60% of the cycle time) supports full-empty pumping and consequently a high overall pump efficiency. Active adaptation of output flow to organ perfusion demand is achieved by changing the rotational speed of the motor by means of a sensorless fuzzy controller, which detects preload and afterload induced effects at the motor current input. First in vitro test results obtained within a circulatory mock loop that simulates physiological preloads and afterloads are presented. They comprise preload sensitivity and the function of the novel perfusion controller as well as preload and afterload related flow data. The results prove the feasability of the energy conversion with the novel gear and control concept for an implantable electromechanical pulsatile LVAD.