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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Neuropsychological assessment of the severely impaired elderly patient: validation of the Italian short version of the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB). Gruppo di Studio sull'Invecchiamento Cerebrale della Società Italiana di Gerontologia e Geriatria.

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The evolution of nursing homes.

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Orthotopic Left Lung Transplantation in Rats
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Left fascicular hemiblocks in the elderly

A E Tammaro, G Forin

    Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
    |October 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Elderly patients with left anterior hemiblock and right bundle-branch block showed increased mortality and progression to complete heart block. Left fascicular hemiblocks warrant careful prognostic evaluation.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Electrophysiology
    • Geriatric Medicine

    Background:

    • Left anterior hemiblock (LAH) is a conduction abnormality.
    • Its association with right bundle-branch block (RBBB) may alter prognosis.
    • Understanding long-term outcomes is crucial for elderly cardiac patients.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the three-year prognosis of elderly individuals with LAH.
    • To assess the impact of coexisting RBBB on mortality and heart block progression.
    • To discuss the prognostic significance of left fascicular hemiblocks.

    Main Methods:

    • A three-year prospective follow-up study.
    • Inclusion of 45 elderly subjects.
    • Analysis of subjects with isolated LAH and those with LAH + RBBB.

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    Main Results:

    • The group with LAH + RBBB exhibited a higher mortality rate.
    • Frequent progression to complete atrioventricular (A-V) block was observed in the LAH + RBBB group.
    • Isolated LAH outcomes require further comparative analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • Combined LAH and RBBB in the elderly is associated with poor prognosis.
    • Progression to complete A-V block is a significant risk in this cohort.
    • Left fascicular hemiblocks, particularly in combination, necessitate careful prognostic consideration.