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Enterobacter sakazakii: a review
M Nazarowec-White1, J M Farber
1Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. mnazarowecwhite@hpb.hwc.ca
Abstract:
Enterobacter sakazakii, previously referred to as a yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae was designated as a unique species in 1980. This reclassification was based on differences from E. cloacae in DNA relatedness, pigment production and biochemical reactions. E. sakazakii has been implicated in a severe form of neonatal meningitis. Although studies have failed to identify an environmental source for the organism, dried-infant formula has been implicated in both outbreaks and sporadic cases of E. sakazakii meningitis. The high mortality rate (40-80%), the severity of the infection in infants, plus the scarcity of information on the ecology and pathogenicity of this organism warranted a review of the clinical and microbiological features of this putative foodborne pathogen.
Insights
Enterobacter sakazakii, a pathogen linked to infant meningitis, was reclassified in 1980. This review covers its clinical and microbiological features, focusing on its role as a foodborne pathogen.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Food Safety
- Clinical Medicine
Background:
- Enterobacter sakazakii, formerly a variant of Enterobacter cloacae, was recognized as a distinct species in 1980.
- This bacterium is associated with severe neonatal meningitis, with dried infant formula frequently implicated.
- The organism's ecology and pathogenicity remain poorly understood despite its high infant mortality rate (40-80%).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Enterobacter sakazakii.
- To highlight its significance as a potential foodborne pathogen.
- To address the scarcity of information regarding its ecology and pathogenicity.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of clinical case studies.
- Analysis of microbiological data related to Enterobacter sakazakii.
- Examination of epidemiological reports on outbreaks and sporadic cases.
Main Results:
- Enterobacter sakazakii is characterized by distinct DNA relatedness, pigment production, and biochemical reactions compared to E. cloacae.
- Dried infant formula is a significant source of Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates.
- High mortality rates underscore the severity of Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis.
Conclusions:
- Enterobacter sakazakii poses a serious threat to infant health, particularly through contaminated infant formula.
- Further research into the organism's environmental sources, ecology, and pathogenicity is crucial.
- Enhanced surveillance and control measures are needed to prevent Enterobacter sakazakii infections.