Superoxide anion formation from lucigenin: an electron spin resonance spin-trapping study

Lucigenin (LC2+) is frequently used as a superoxide probe. To detect superoxide, lucigenin must be reduced to the lucigenin cation radical (LC.+). We show, using the phosphorylated spin trap 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), that lucigenin stimulates NADPH-dependent superoxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The formation of the DEPMPO-superoxide adduct is calcium/calmodulin independent. DEPMPO-superoxide adduct formation is inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium and is abolished by superoxide dismutase. It is likely that eNOS/NADPH can reduce lucigenin to LC.+ which reduces oxygen to superoxide. Consequently, lucigenin cannot be used to measure superoxide formation.