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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Infective endocarditis caused by HACEK microorganisms

M Das1, A D Badley, F R Cockerill

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.

Annual Review of Medicine
|January 1, 1997
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infective endocarditis caused by HACEK organisms, though rare, has a favorable prognosis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, often involving beta-lactam therapy, lead to high survival rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The HACEK (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) group comprises fastidious gram-negative bacteria.
  • These organisms are an uncommon cause of infective endocarditis, accounting for about 3% of cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of infective endocarditis caused by HACEK organisms.
  • To assess the incidence and prognostic factors of HACEK endocarditis in a defined population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series analysis of 45 patients diagnosed with HACEK endocarditis.
  • Review of clinical presentation, diagnostic methods (blood cultures, echocardiography), treatment regimens, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of HACEK endocarditis was 0.14 per 100,000 person-years.
  • Common symptoms included fever, splenomegaly, new murmurs, and microvascular phenomena, with a median symptom duration of 2 weeks to 6 months.
  • Surgery was performed in 24% of patients within the first month; overall survival was 87%.

Conclusions:

  • HACEK endocarditis, despite its challenging diagnosis, is associated with a favorable prognosis.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy, often with beta-lactams, are crucial for successful management and improved survival.