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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation
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Premenstrual syndromes

M Steiner1

  • 1St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster Psychiatric Unit, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. mst@fhs.csu.mcmaster.ca

Annual Review of Medicine
|January 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) diagnosis is aided by DSM-5 criteria and daily charting. Effective treatments include SSRIs and oophorectomy, targeting hormonal triggers or serotonin system sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Psychiatry
  • Women's Mental Health
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe mood disorder impacting women's lives.
  • Distinguishing PMDD from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) now includes research criteria for PMDD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria for PMDD.
  • To differentiate PMDD from PMS.
  • To review current and effective treatment options for PMDD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis.
  • Employing prospective daily charting over at least two menstrual cycles.
  • Reviewing results from randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Main Results:

  • DSM-5 criteria and daily charting are standard for confirming PMDD diagnosis.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) demonstrate efficacy in treating PMDD.
  • Oophorectomy (medical or surgical) is an effective intervention for severe PMDD cases.

Conclusions:

  • PMDD diagnosis is enhanced by standardized criteria and charting.
  • Treatment strategies effectively manage PMDD by targeting hormonal influences or the serotonergic system.
  • Both medication (SSRIs) and surgical interventions (oophorectomy) offer viable treatment pathways for PMDD.