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Immunity in athletes

B K Pedersen1, T Rohde, M Zacho

  • 1Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Deseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
|December 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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Moderate exercise boosts the immune system, while intense, prolonged exercise can suppress it, creating an "open window" for illness. Overtraining may prolong this window, increasing infection risk in athletes.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Physical activity influences immune function, with moderate exercise potentially reducing illness.
  • Intense exercise, particularly long-duration, has been shown to cause temporary immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between exercise intensity/duration and immune system response.
  • To investigate the mechanisms behind exercise-induced immunosuppression and the "open window" phenomenon.
  • To understand the implications for overtraining syndrome and infection risk in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on exercise immunology.
  • Analysis of immune markers such as lymphocyte concentration, natural killer cell activity, and secretory IgA.

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  • Hypothesizing the role of immune system recovery in preventing overtraining.

    • Main Results:

    • Moderate and severe exercise enhance immune function.
    • Intense, long-duration exercise leads to immunodepression, including reduced lymphocyte counts and impaired immune cell cytotoxicity.
    • A potential "open window" of suppressed immunity exists post-intense exercise, duration dependent on intensity and duration.

    Conclusions:

    • Exercise intensity and duration critically dictate immune response, ranging from enhancement to significant suppression.
    • The "open window" hypothesis suggests prolonged immunosuppression following intense exercise may increase pathogen susceptibility in athletes.
    • Overtraining may result from insufficient recovery, exacerbating immunosuppression and leading to increased upper respiratory tract infections.