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Adrenal physiology

R J Kemppainen1, E N Behrend

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|March 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

The adrenal glands have three parts: medulla (catecholamines), zona glomerulosa (aldosterone), and zonae fasciculata/reticularis (cortisol). These hormones regulate stress response, fluid balance, and metabolism.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The adrenal glands are crucial endocrine organs.
  • They comprise three distinct functional units: medulla, zona glomerulosa, and zonae fasciculata/reticularis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the functional anatomy and hormonal regulation of the adrenal glands.
  • To describe the roles of catecholamines, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established physiological and endocrinological principles.
  • Description of hormonal secretion pathways and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) responding to stress.
  • Zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone, regulating sodium, water, and potassium balance.
  • Zonae fasciculata/reticularis secrete cortisol, influenced by ACTH, impacting multiple tissues and providing negative feedback.

Conclusions:

  • The adrenal glands are vital for stress adaptation, homeostasis, and metabolic regulation.
  • Each functional unit plays a specific, interconnected role in maintaining physiological balance.

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