Applications of liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry in analytical toxicology: a review

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), after long-term development that has introduced seven major interfacing techniques, is finally suitable for application in the field of analytical toxicology. Various compound classes can be analyzed, and sensitivities for more or less polar analytes that are as good as or better than those of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry can be obtained with modern interfaces. In addition, because ionization is often softer than classical electron impact, some LC-MS interfaces are able to handle fragile species that are otherwise not amenable to MS. This review is intended to present LC-MS to less familiarized readers and to give an extensive overview of the application of the different coupling techniques to doping agents, drugs of abuse, forensic analysis, toxic compounds of various nature, and several toxicologically relevant therapeutic drugs. Experimental parameters such as the interfaces used, ionization methods, detection limits, and experimental details for exemplary applications are given.