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Fever, temperature, and the immune response

D F Hanson1

  • 1Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. hanson@biodec.wustl.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|March 15, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Fever regulates immune responses by altering temperature gradients, favoring new lymphocyte activation over effector function. This suggests fever

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Physiology
  • Thermoregulation

Background:

  • Fever is a conserved response to infection.
  • Physiological temperature influences immune cell function.
  • The role of temperature in immune response regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how physiological temperature gradients affect immune responses.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of fever in immunity.
  • To determine the specific temperature sensitivities of immune cell functions.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro modeling of immune responses at various physiological temperatures.
  • Analysis of lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and effector function.
  • Assessment of cytokine production by T-helper cells and macrophages.

Main Results:

  • A narrow range of high physiological temperatures supports lymphocyte activation and effector cell differentiation.
  • Mature immune effectors function largely independently of temperature.
  • T-helper cell cytokine production is highly temperature-dependent, unlike macrophages.
  • Macrophages exhibit temperature-independent cytokine production, except at febrile core temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Fever's primary immune function may be to lower peripheral tissue temperatures, not just elevate core temperature.
  • Temperature primarily regulates the initiation of immune responses rather than the activity of established effectors.
  • T-helper cells are critical to fever-induced immune modulation, while macrophages may downregulate pyrogen production at high temperatures.

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