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Speech breathing and the Lombard effect

A L Winkworth1, P J Davis

  • 1School of Communication Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR
|February 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
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The Lombard effect causes people to raise speaking intensity in noisy environments. This study found that lung volume strategies vary when speech intensity increases due to noise, not direct instruction.

Area of Science:

  • Speech Science
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • The Lombard effect describes the involuntary increase in vocal intensity when speaking in the presence of background noise.
  • Understanding the respiratory mechanisms underlying the Lombard effect is crucial for speech production research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate respiratory changes associated with the Lombard effect.
  • To determine if lung volume strategies differ when speech intensity increases due to noise versus explicit instruction.

Main Methods:

  • Respiratory measurements using linearized magnetometers on the rib cages and abdomens of five healthy young women.
  • Introduction of binaural background noise (55 dB and 70 dB) via headphones.
  • Recording speech intensity (dBA) during oral reading and spontaneous monologue tasks under varying noise conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Speaking intensity significantly increased in moderate and high noise conditions, confirming the Lombard effect.
  • No consistent trend in lung volume changes was observed with increasing noise levels.
  • Both initiation and termination lung volumes showed variable increases or decreases with higher speech intensities in noise.

Conclusions:

  • The Lombard effect can be replicated using headphone-delivered noise.
  • Speakers utilize variable lung volume strategies to control speech intensity when noise exposure prompts vocal adjustments.
  • These findings suggest a complex interplay between auditory feedback and respiratory control during speech production under noisy conditions.