Inhaled asbestos fibers induce p53 expression in the rat lung

Humans and rodents exposed to an aerosol of asbestos fibers develop lung injury that can lead to a fibroproliferative response culminating in excessive scarring and impaired lung function. To define the early events that precede asbestos-induced fibrotic lung disease, rats were exposed to an aerosol of chrysotile asbestos fibers for 5 h. At various times after exposure, the lungs of the asbestos-exposed animals were evaluated immunohistochemically for expression of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, a growth regulatory protein. p53 became detectable by immunostaining at the predicted sites of fiber deposition (the bronchiolar-alveolar duct bifurcations) by 24 h after exposure. The number of cells positive for p53 immunostaining increased to a maximal level at 8 days after exposure, decreased by 14 days and returned to a low basal level at the 30-day time point. Control groups of rats that were unexposed or exposed to an aerosol of iron beads were negative for p53 immunostaining throughout the 30-day assessment period. Simultaneous detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at the sites of fiber deposition in the asbestos-exposed animals agrees with our previous finding that p53 binds and regulates the PCNA promoter.