Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
Published on: December 19, 2020
Interaction between antibodies and hapten-protein conjugates of different composition: theoretical predictions and
A V Zherdev1, O G Romanenko, B B Dzantiev
1A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Ac. Sci., Moscow.
Abstract:
Mathematical models of competitive ELISAs with labelled antibody and with labelled antigen taking into account bivalent interactions between antibodies and hapten-protein conjugates were developed and analyzed. It was shown that in the kinetic model of the immunochemical reaction the conjugate composition influenced the amplitude of detected signal but not ELISA sensitivity. In the equilibrium model decreased sensitivity correlated with bivalent complexes formation. The predictions were tested experimentally using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and testosterone as haptens. It was confirmed that increasing of the hapten : protein ratio resulted in formation of bivalent complexes with antibodies. The equilibrium binding constants for these complexes were two orders of magnitude higher than for monovalent ones. Optimal conjugate compositions have been chosen for ELISA of these haptens.
Related Concept Videos
Antibody Structure
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Affinity and Avidity
Cross-reactivity
Conjugated Proteins
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antibody Actions
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

