The psychology of normal aging

Health care providers need to be aware of the normal aspects of the aging process as well as exceptions that may necessitate clinical intervention. Although many exceptions exist, aging involves a heightened susceptibility or vulnerability to physiologic, psychological, and sociocultural insult. Sensory systems become less sensitive and acute, lifelong sleep patterns undergo change, and there is decline in certain aspects of memory. Longitudinal studies suggest, however, that the normal changes that occur in healthy older adults do not significantly impair cognitive functioning or interpersonal relationships. Grief resulting from loss is a normal part of life. It should not be "pathologized" nor should its impact be underestimated. Loss of a spouse, child, or other close loved one may negatively affect the immune system and other organ systems, and may disrupt the social support system. Although most grief reactions are resolved with the support of family or friends, grief can lead to depression, physical decline, or medically unexplained physical symptoms. Awareness of the normal aging processes enables the professional to be more effective in providing mental health services.