Biological markers of acute acrylonitrile intoxication in rats as a function of dose and time

Three markers of acute acrylonitrile (AN) intoxication, namely, tissue glutathione (GSH), tissue cyanide (CN), and covalent binding to tissue protein, were studied as a function of dose and time. Doses administered and responses expected were 20 mg/kg (LD0), 50 mg/kg (LD10), 80 mg/kg (LD50), and 115 mg/kg (LD90). Liver GSH was the most sensitive marker of AN exposure. At 80 mg/kg AN, virtually complete depletion of liver GSH was observed within 30 min with no recovery through 120 min. Kidney GSH showed a similar, but less intense depletion; while blood and brain GSH were more refractory to AN. Whole blood and brain CN rose progressively during the first 60 min in a dose-dependent fashion. At the lowest dose, CN levels decreased thereafter, whereas, at the three higher doses, CN levels were maintained or continued to increase through 120 min. At the highest dose, blood and brain CN remained at acutely toxic levels through 240 min. Covalent binding increased rapidly in all tissues during the first 30 min at all doses. At the lowest dose, little additional covalent binding was observed beyond 30 min, while at the three higher doses, covalent binding increased, although at a slower rate. The data indicate that these three biologic markers of acute AN intoxication respond dramatically in a time-dependent manner in the toxic dosage range. Furthermore, the data provide evidence that AN toxicity is gated by GSH depletion in liver with the resultant termination of AN detoxification.