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Related Experiment Videos

The evolution of genomic imprinting: two modifier-locus models

H G Spencer1, M J Williams

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Theoretical Population Biology
|February 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Genetic imprinting can evolve through modifier loci. Cis-acting modifiers spread slowly unless they affect fitness, while trans-acting modifiers can spread rapidly if they alter the proportion of imprinted gametes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomic Imprinting

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting, where gene expression depends on parental origin, is crucial in development.
  • The evolution of imprinting mechanisms, particularly the role of modifier genes, remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of genetic imprinting using two-locus models.
  • To determine the conditions under which modifier alleles, affecting imprinting at a primary locus, can increase in frequency.

Main Methods:

  • Development of two autosomal two-locus models: one cis-acting and one trans-acting.
  • Analysis of modifier allele spread under mutation-selection balance and heterozygote advantage at the primary locus.
  • Examination of selection-driven frequency changes for modifiers impacting imprinting efficacy.

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Main Results:

  • Newly arising cis-acting modifiers with no direct fitness effects spread at rates comparable to mutation rates.
  • Modifiers that alter fitness can spread rapidly.
  • Trans-acting modifiers can increase in frequency if they enhance beneficial imprinting or reduce disadvantageous imprinting.
  • The rate of modifier evolution is influenced by both the selective advantage/disadvantage of imprinting and the proportion of imprinted gametes.

Conclusions:

  • Modifier loci play a significant role in the evolution of genomic imprinting.
  • The mode of action (cis vs. trans) and fitness effects of modifiers critically influence their evolutionary trajectory.
  • Polymorphism at modifier loci is unlikely without non-additive allele interactions.