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Encoding specificity: retrieval asymmetry in the recognition failure paradigm

C A Bartling, C P Thompson

    Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Learning and Memory
    |November 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Retrieval asymmetry, a memory phenomenon, reliably predicts recognition failure for recallable words. This effect strengthens after a free-association task, offering insights into memory retrieval processes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Human Memory Research
    • Experimental Psychology

    Background:

    • The recognition failure of recallable words paradigm highlights discrepancies in memory retrieval.
    • Previous research by Tulving and Wiseman identified recognition probability as a key predictor of this phenomenon.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of retrieval asymmetry in the recognition failure paradigm.
    • To determine if retrieval asymmetry can predict the magnitude of recognition failure.
    • To examine how a free-association task influences retrieval asymmetry and recognition failure.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted a series of three experiments.
    • Utilized a recognition failure paradigm involving recallable words.
    • Introduced a free-association task to generate target words from a study list.

    Main Results:

    • Retrieval asymmetry was observed directly following list study within the recognition failure paradigm.
    • A significant increase in retrieval asymmetry was found after the free-association task.
    • Retrieval asymmetry proved to be a reliable predictor of the magnitude of recognition failure.

    Conclusions:

    • Retrieval asymmetry is intrinsically linked to the recognition failure of recallable words.
    • The magnitude of retrieval asymmetry effectively predicts the extent of recognition failure.
    • The relationship between retrieval asymmetry and recognition failure remains robust, even when controlling for recognition probability.

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