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Semiautomatic quantitation of macrophages in human renal biopsy specimens in proteinuric states
P N Furness1, L Rogers-Wheatley, K P Harris
1Department of Pathology, Leicester General Hospital.
Aims:
To develop and validate a rapid and economical semiautomated approach to the measurement of immunostainable tissue components which is applicable to routine diagnostic practice. To apply this approach to the measurement of macrophages in renal biopsy specimens in nephrotic states, as protein in the renal tubules may induce macrophage infiltration, and the morphology of macrophages in tissue sections does not lend itself to cell counting.
Methods:
Macrophages were identified by immunostaining with a pan-macrophage marker, followed by digital image capture and analysis using a macro procedure written for the freeware image analysis program NIH-Image.
Results:
The method was rapid, robust and accurate to within the limits imposed by sampling error inherent in the use of small needle biopsy specimens. Very few macrophages are found in normal kidney (mean volume fraction (+/- 95% confidence limits) 0.04% (0.02%)) but infiltration of macrophages was detected in minimal change nephropathy (0.29% (0.12%)) and in membranous glomerulonephritis (0.42% (0.11%)). A statistically significant correlation was found between macrophage volume fraction and weight of proteinuria in minimal change nephropathy but not in membranous glomerulonephritis. Correlations were found in both diseases between macrophage volume fraction and serum creatinine at time of biopsy.
Conclusions:
The equipment is inexpensive and measurement takes less than one minute per biopsy specimen. The results indicate that macrophage infiltration is part of the pathological process in minimal change nephropathy and membranous glomerulonephritis. The correlation with creatinine at time of biopsy suggests that renal impairment in minimal change nephropathy may result from infiltration by immunologically active cells and not merely from haemodynamic changes in nephrons. However, the correlation is not close, indicating that the relation between macrophage infiltration and disease severity is not a simple one.
Insights
A new semiautomated method accurately quantifies macrophages in kidney biopsies. Macrophage infiltration is linked to nephrotic states like minimal change nephropathy and membranous glomerulonephritis, correlating with renal impairment.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Digital Pathology
Background:
- Proteinuria in nephrotic states can trigger macrophage infiltration in renal tubules.
- Assessing macrophage morphology in tissue sections is challenging for accurate cell counting.
Purpose of the Study:
- Develop and validate a rapid, economical, semiautomated method for immunostainable tissue component measurement.
- Apply this method to quantify macrophages in renal biopsy specimens from nephrotic patients.
Main Methods:
- Immunostaining using a pan-macrophage marker.
- Digital image capture and analysis with NIH-Image freeware macro procedures.
Main Results:
- The method is rapid, robust, and accurate, with minimal sampling error.
- Macrophage infiltration was significantly higher in minimal change nephropathy (0.29%) and membranous glomerulonephritis (0.42%) compared to normal kidney (0.04%).
- Correlations were observed between macrophage volume fraction and proteinuria/serum creatinine levels.
Conclusions:
- The inexpensive method provides rapid (under one minute per biopsy) and reliable macrophage quantification.
- Macrophage infiltration is integral to the pathology of minimal change nephropathy and membranous glomerulonephritis.
- Renal impairment may stem from immunologically active cell infiltration, not solely hemodynamic changes, though the relationship is complex.