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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Memory processes in delayed spatial discriminations: response intentions or response mediation?

P J Urcuioli1, T B DeMarse

  • 1Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364, USA. uche@psych.purdue.edu

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|May 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pigeon choice accuracy improved when retention intervals followed stimulus sequences, not when they separated stimuli. Proactive interference and delay-interval behavior depended on retention interval placement.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Animal behavior
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Pigeons exhibit complex learning behaviors.
  • Understanding memory retention in animals informs cognitive models.
  • Stimulus-response associations are fundamental to learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how retention interval placement affects pigeons' choice accuracy in a pair-comparison task.
  • To determine the influence of proactive interference and delay-interval behavior based on retention interval timing.
  • To explore the role of coding processes in delayed discrimination learning.

Main Methods:

  • Pigeons were trained on a pair-comparison task with sequential stimuli.
  • Left/right choices were reinforced based on different stimulus sequences.
  • Retention intervals were strategically placed either after the entire sequence or between stimuli.
  • Proactive interference from previous trials was assessed.
  • Differential delay-interval behavior was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Choice accuracy was significantly higher when retention intervals followed the complete stimulus sequence.
  • This accuracy improvement was consistent regardless of stimulus dimension.
  • Proactive interference occurred only when the retention interval separated the two sequence stimuli.
  • Differential delay-interval behavior was observed exclusively when the retention interval followed the entire sequence.

Conclusions:

  • The location of the retention interval critically influences coding processes in delayed discrimination.
  • Response mediation impacts retention performance when the correct choice is identifiable before the interval.
  • Findings contribute to understanding memory consolidation and interference in avian cognition.