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Mycoplasmoses in poultry
1Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Abstract:
The most important mycoplasmas isolated from domestic avian species include Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagridis (MM) and M. iowae (MI). MG causes chronic respiratory disease of chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, resulting in economic losses. MS causes infectious synovitis or mild upper respiratory disease. MM infects only turkeys, causing airsacculitis and sub-optimal production and hatchability. MI is associated with reduced hatchability in turkey flocks. Transmission is either direct, from bird to bird or through the egg, or indirect. Diagnosis is based on isolation and identification of mycoplasmas, according to biochemical, serological or molecular biology tests, or serological examination of host sera by slide agglutination, haemagglutination inhibition or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Antibiotics (i.e. tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones and tiamulin) may be used for therapeutic treatment or prophylactic medication. The eradication of mycoplasma infection can be achieved through improvements in hygiene and management practices, therapeutic treatment of breeder layers and/or of hatching eggs and better monitoring procedures.
Insights
Mycoplasma infections in poultry, including Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), cause significant economic losses. Effective diagnosis, treatment with antibiotics, and improved management are key to controlling these avian mycoplasma diseases.
Area of Science:
- Avian Health
- Veterinary Microbiology
- Poultry Diseases
Background:
- Key avian mycoplasmas like Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) cause substantial economic losses in domestic poultry.
- These pathogens lead to respiratory diseases, synovitis, and reduced hatchability in chickens and turkeys.
- Understanding transmission routes (direct, egg, indirect) is crucial for disease control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the primary mycoplasma species affecting domestic avian populations.
- To outline diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for avian mycoplasmosis.
- To discuss eradication approaches for mycoplasma infections in poultry.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of Mycoplasma species in domestic birds.
- Summary of diagnostic techniques including isolation, biochemical, serological, and molecular methods.
- Compilation of therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic options.
Main Results:
- Identified Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagridis (MM), and M. iowae (MI) as significant avian pathogens.
- Detailed diagnostic tests such as ELISA and molecular assays.
- Highlighted antibiotic classes (tetracyclines, macrolides, etc.) and management strategies for control.
Conclusions:
- Avian mycoplasmosis requires integrated control strategies involving accurate diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and stringent hygiene and management practices.
- Eradication necessitates a multi-faceted approach including breeder flock treatment, egg sanitation, and enhanced monitoring.
- Continued vigilance and improved biosecurity are essential for preventing economic losses due to avian mycoplasma infections.