Effects of pH and salinity on the antimicrobial properties of clavanins

Clavanins are histidine-rich, amidated alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides that were originally isolated from the leukocytes (hemocytes) of a tunicate, Styela clava. The activities of clavanin A amide and clavanin A acid against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans were substantially greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.4. In contrast, clavanin AK, a synthetic variant of clavanin A acid containing 4 histidine-->lysine substitutions exerted substantial activity at both pH 7.4 and pH 5.5. Each of these three clavanins permeabilized the outer and inner membranes of E. coli very effectively at pH 5.5, but only clavanin AK did so at pH 7.4. Unlike magainin 1 and cecropin P1, alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from frog skin and porcine intestine, respectively, clavanins were broadly effective against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, as well as gram-negative organisms. Because clavanins exert substantial antimicrobial activity in 0.1 to 0.3 M NaCl, they provide templates for designing broad-spectrum peptide antibiotics intended to function in extracellular environments containing normal or elevated NaCl concentrations. The pH-dependent properties of histidine-rich antimicrobial peptides may allow the design of agents that would function selectively in acidic compartments, such as the gastric lumen, or within phagolysosomes.