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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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[The development of oncology service in Belorussia (the 80th birthday of N.N.Alexandrov)].

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Pathomorphological findings in thyroid cancers of children from the Republic of Belarus: a study of 86 cases occurring between 1986 ('post-Chernobyl') and 1991.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances
10:35

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

[Pericranial sinus (sinus pericranial)]

E I Zlotnik, E A Korotkevich, I I Nabeshko

    Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N. N. Burdenko
    |September 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sinus pericranii, a rare vascular malformation, was studied in 6 patients. Surgical removal was effective for most cases, with varied connections to intracranial venous sinuses observed.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Vascular Surgery
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Sinus pericranii is a rare congenital vascular malformation.
    • It involves abnormal communication between intracranial venous sinuses and extracranial vessels.
    • Accurate diagnosis and surgical planning are crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic findings of sinus pericranii.
    • To evaluate the surgical management and outcomes in a series of patients.
    • To discuss the etiology, differential diagnosis, and surgical techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of 6 patients diagnosed with sinus pericranii.
    • Sinusography with contrast medium injection was performed in all patients.

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  • Surgical intervention included total sac removal or marsupialization with muscle tamponade.

    • Main Results:

    • Sinus pericranii was not connected with extracranial vessels in 4 patients.
    • Retrograde filling of intracranial venous sinuses and facial veins occurred in 2 patients.
    • Total sac removal was successful in 5 patients; one underwent marsupialization.

    Conclusions:

    • Surgical management is effective for sinus pericranii.
    • Sinusography is essential for understanding vascular connections.
    • Careful pre-operative assessment guides surgical approach.