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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Internally stabilized spine: optimal choice of frequency-encoding gradient direction during MR imaging minimizes
V I Frazzini1, N J Kagetsu, C E Johnson
1Department of Radiology, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA.
Abstract:
In 18 vertebral bodies with titanium fixation screws and in a phantom model, visualization of the vertebral body marrow was improved and susceptibility artifact was reduced on T1-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance images when the direction of the frequency-encoding gradient was parallel to the long axis of the screw. A perpendicular direction improved image quality only when the region of interest was adjacent to the tip of the screw. In the phantom, the length of the screw was statistically significantly increased and the width and area were reduced (P <.001) when the gradient was parallel to the long axis of the screw.

