Metal-film thermopiles for use with rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles

A method of fabricating Hill-Downing type, planar thermopiles by vacuum-deposition techniques is described in detail. The present model was designed for initial heat measurements on rabbit papillary muscles as small as 1 mg blotted wt, but it is also suitable for small bundles of frog muscle fibers (30-75). The thermopile has 20 or 14 junctions, an active length of 5 or 3.5 mm, and an actual thickness of 20 micrometer. It has an effective heat capacity of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C, a heat loss coefficient of about 0.3 mcal/degrees C - s, a temperature sensitivity of 1.4 mV/degrees C (20 junctions), and an electrical resistance of 180-200 omega. Infrared-emitting diodes are used to heat the thermopile and muscle artificially for thermal time constant and conduction-delay measurements. Performance of the thermopiles is demonstrated with initial heat records from rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles and a bundle of frog semitendinosus muscle fibers. Results of preliminary experiments concerning latency for heat generation, initial rate of heat generation, and activation heat in both types of muscles are presented.