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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
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The menopause and the pharmaceutical industry

M N Dukes

    Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
    |June 1, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pharmaceutical companies targeted postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a healthy population. Marketing focused on osteoporosis prevention and anti-aging benefits to improve patient compliance.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Pharmaceutical Marketing
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Since 1975, pharmaceutical firms have pursued a market for estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women.
    • The success of oral contraceptives highlighted the commercial potential of treatments for healthy individuals.

    Observation:

    • The 'feminine forever' campaign aimed to delay aging and extend lifespan.
    • Physicians were selectively informed about the benefits of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT).
    • Patient compliance with non-acute treatments posed a significant challenge.

    Findings:

    • The study examines pharmaceutical marketing strategies for postmenopausal estrogen therapy.
    • Techniques included selective emphasis on research findings and direct public engagement.

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    Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
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    An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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  • Intermediary institutes were established to conduct research and shape opinions.

    • Implications:

    • Understanding these strategies is crucial for evaluating the promotion of long-term therapies.
    • This historical analysis sheds light on the commercialization of endocrine treatments.
    • It highlights the interplay between scientific evidence, marketing, and public perception.