Turning of nerve growth cones induced by the activation of protein kinase C

Pathfinding by growing nerve processes in the developing nervous system depends on the turning response of the growth cone to extracellular guidance cues. Embryonic spinal neurons were prepared from 1-day-old Xenopus embryos. After 4 h incubation, a repetitive pulse application was used to produce microscopic chemical gradients near the growth cone. A micropipette containing the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, produced a significant growth cone turning response. A micropipette containing adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) also induced growth cone turning towards the pipette tip. H-7, a PKC inhibitor, inhibited the ATP-induced turning response of the growth cone. Our results suggest that the activation of PKC in developing motoneurons may induce the turning response of growth cones.