Decreased potassium stimulates bone resorption

Metabolic acidosis induces net calcium efflux (JCa+) from cultured bone, in part, through an increase in osteoclastic resorption and a decrease in osteoblastic formation. In humans provision of base as potassium (K+) citrate, but not sodium (Na+) citrate, reduces urine Ca (UCa), and oral KHCO3 decreases bone resorption and UCa in postmenopausal women. Potassium deprivation alone leads to an increase in UCa. To determine whether decreased extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]) at a constant pH, PCO2, and [HCO-3] alters JCa+ and bone cell activity, we measured JCa+, osteoblastic collagen synthesis, and osteoclastic beta-glucuronidase release from neonatal mouse calvariae cultured for 48 h in medium of varying [K+]. Calvariae were cultured in control medium (approximately 4 mM [K+]) or medium with mildly low K+ (MLK, approximately 3 mM [K+]), very low K+ (VLK, approximately 2 mM [K+]), or extremely low K+ (ELK, approximately 1 mM [K+]) (n > or = 9 in each group). Compared with control, ELK, but not MLK or VLK, resulted in a marked increase in JCa+ and an increase in beta-glucuronidase release and a decrease in collagen synthesis. JCa+ was correlated directly with medium beta-glucuronidase activity and inversely with collagen synthesis. To determine whether the reduction in medium [K+] was associated with a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi), we measured pHi in MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line. Incubation in 1 mM [K+] led to a significant decrease in pHi compared with 3 mM [K+]. Thus incubation in a reduced [K+] medium stimulates JCa+ and osteoclastic enzyme release and inhibits osteoblastic collagen synthesis, which may be mediated by a reduction in bone cell pH.