Differential regulation of adenylyl cyclases by Galphas

Regulation of adenylyl cyclases 1, 2, and 6 by Galphas was studied. All three mammalian adenylyl cyclases were expressed in insect (Sf9 or Hi-5) cells by baculovirus infection. Membranes containing the different adenylyl cyclases were stimulated by varying concentrations of mutant (Q227L) activated Galphas expressed in reticulocyte lysates. Galphas stimulation of AC1 involved a single site and had an apparent Kact of 0.9 nM. Galphas stimulation of AC2 was best explained by a non-interactive two site model with a "high affinity" site at 0.9 nM and a "low affinity" site at 15 nM. Occupancy of the high affinity site appears to be sufficient for Gbetagamma stimulation of AC2. Galphas stimulation of AC6 was also best explained by a two-site model with a high affinity site at 0. 6-0.8 nM and a low affinity site at 8-22 nM; however, in contrast to AC2, only a model that assumed interactions between the two sites best fit the AC6 data. With 100 microM forskolin, Galphas stimulation of all three adenylyl cyclases showed very similar profiles. Galphas stimulation in the presence of forskolin involved a single site with apparent Kact of 0.1-0.4 nM. These observations indicate a conserved mechanism by which forskolin regulates Galphas coupling to the different adenylyl cyclases. However, there are fundamental differences in the mechanism of Galphas stimulation of the different adenylyl cyclases with AC2 and AC6 having multiple interconvertible sites. These mechanistic differences may provide an explanation for the varied responses by different cells and tissues to hormones that elevate cAMP levels.