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Vitamin A and birth defects

J L Mills1, J L Simpson, G C Cunningham

  • 1National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|July 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
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Moderate vitamin A (retinol) intake during pregnancy does not appear to cause birth defects. This study found no link between vitamin A supplements and major malformations or neural tube defects.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Teratology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin A is essential for fetal development.
  • High doses of vitamin A have been suspected as teratogenic.
  • Understanding safe intake levels during pregnancy is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential teratogenic effects of moderate vitamin A doses.
  • To determine if periconceptional vitamin A supplement intake is associated with birth defects.

Main Methods:

  • A geographically based case-control study.
  • Interviewed women with offspring defects (neural tube defects, major malformations) and controls.
  • Assessed periconceptional vitamin A supplement exposure levels.

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Main Results:

  • No increased proportion of women consuming 8000-25,000 IU vitamin A had offspring with major malformations or neural tube defects compared to controls.
  • Odds ratios for major malformations and neural tube defects were not significantly elevated for intakes >8000 or >10,000 IU.
  • Similar findings were observed for cranial neural crest defects.

Conclusions:

  • Periconceptional vitamin A exposure at doses up to 10,000 IU/day is not associated with major malformations, cranial neural crest defects, or neural tube defects.
  • The minimum teratogenic dose of vitamin A, if it exists, appears to be higher than commonly consumed levels during early pregnancy.