Phorbol esters stimulate muscle glucose transport by a mechanism distinct from the insulin and hypoxia pathways

Glucose transport in skeletal muscle can be stimulated by insulin and also by contractions and hypoxia. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulates glucose transport in muscle and other insulin-responsive cells. This study was performed to determine if the diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isoforms participate in insulin and/or hypoxia-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The phorbol ester 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate (dPPA) induced a three- to fourfold increase in glucose transport in rat epitrochlearis muscle. The effects of dPPA on glucose transport and on cell surface GLUT-4 were completely additive to the maximal effects of insulin or hypoxia. Phorbol ester treatment induced 5- to 10-fold increases in phosphorylation of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein in muscle, whereas insulin and hypoxia had negligible effects. Calphostin C, an inhibitor of DAG-sensitive PKC isoforms, decreased glucose transport stimulation by dPPA but not by insulin or hypoxia. These results provide evidence that activation of DAG/phorbol ester-sensitive PKCs is not involved in the pathways by which either insulin or hypoxia stimulates muscle glucose transport. They also show that activation of this group of PKCs increases glucose transport by a mechanism that is independent of and additive to the effects of insulin or hypoxia.