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Environmental effects on fish immune mechanisms

J E Bly1, S M Quiniou, L W Clem

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.

Developments in Biological Standardization
|January 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Environmental stressors, both natural and artificial, suppress fish immune functions. This immunosuppression can increase fish susceptibility to infectious diseases, highlighting the need for further research into underlying mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Aquatic immunology
  • Environmental toxicology
  • Fish physiology

Background:

  • Environmental stress significantly impacts fish immune and physiological functions.
  • Stressors are categorized as natural (season, temperature, salinity, photoperiod, social factors) and artificial (pollutants like acid rain, heavy metals, organic compounds).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of environmental stress factors on fish immune systems.
  • To identify key stressors and their impact on innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To explore potential mechanisms and implications for aquaculture.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on environmental stress and fish immunity.
  • Analysis of data on immune parameters affected by various stressors.
  • Consideration of signaling pathways, including ACTH and cortisol.

Main Results:

  • Both natural and artificial environmental stressors suppress fish immune functions.
  • Pollutants, handling/confinement, and low temperature are well-studied stressors that impair innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Stress-induced immunosuppression may predispose fish to infectious diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental stress, encompassing natural and artificial factors, compromises fish immunity.
  • Understanding stress-induced immunosuppression mechanisms is crucial for disease prevention in aquaculture.
  • Further research into signaling pathways can aid in developing strategies to reduce disease susceptibility.

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