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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice
07:47

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Published on: December 29, 2016

Functional relationship between the hypothalamic vigilance area and PAG vigilance area

Y F Duan1, R Winters, P M McCabe

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.

Physiology & Behavior
|September 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Electrical stimulation of the brain

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Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
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Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

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Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
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Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice
07:47

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Published on: December 29, 2016

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
08:58

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • The vigilance reaction, involving bradycardia and pressor response, is triggered by stimulating specific brain areas.
  • These areas include the hypothalamic vigilance area (HVA) and the periaqueductal gray vigilance area (PVA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional relationship between the HVA and PVA.
  • To determine the role of the caudal ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in mediating cardiovascular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Electrical stimulation of the HVA and rostral vlPAG in rabbits.
  • Selective transverse transections of the caudal vlPAG were performed.
  • Cardiovascular responses (bradycardia, pressor response) were measured.

Main Results:

  • Transecting the caudal vlPAG significantly reduced cardiovascular responses to rostral vlPAG stimulation.
  • Stimulation of the HVA elicited cardiovascular responses with minimal impact from the transections.
  • This suggests parallel neural pathways for HVA and vlPAG-mediated responses.

Conclusions:

  • The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is not essential for mediating autonomic components of behavioral inhibition.
  • Cardiovascular responses to vlPAG stimulation are mediated by a pathway partly parallel to the HVA pathway.
  • Findings advance understanding of the neural circuitry underlying vigilance and affective behaviors.