Characterization of des-Arg9-bradykinin-induced contraction in guinea-pig gallbladder in vitro

We have reported that bradykinin induces graded contraction in guinea-pig gallbladder in vitro through activation of bradykinin B2 receptors and prostanoid release, while des-Arg9-bradykinin, a selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist, causes only a weak contraction, suggesting the presence of badykinin B1 receptors in this tissue. In the present study, we attempted to characterise the receptor subtype and the possible mechanism by which des-Arg9-bradykinin induces contraction in this preparation. Contractions induced by des-Arg9-bradykinin in guinea-pig gallbladder (1 pM to 1 microM) increased significantly as a function of time elapsed after setting up of the preparation, reaching the maximum after 6 h of equilibration (EC50 16.4 pM and Emax 0.6 +/- 0.08 g). Des-Arg9-bradykinin-induced contraction in guinea-pig gallbladder was totally prevented by cycloheximide (70 microM, an inhibitor of protein synthesis), indomethacin (3 microM), ibuprofen (30 microM), phenidone (30 microM) or Ca2+-free medium plus EGTA, and was partially antagonised by MK 571 ((3-(3-(2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl) ethenyl) phenyl ((3-dimethyl amino-3-oxo-propyl) thio) methyl) propanoic acid, 0.1 microM) or by nicardipine (1 microM), but was not affected by dazoxiben (30 microM), staurosporine (100 nM) or L 655,240 (240 (3-[1-(4-clorobenzil)-5-fluoro-3-metilhyindol-2il] 2,2-dimetilpropanoic acid, 1 microM). Unexpectedly, des-Arg9-bradykinin-induced contraction was unaffected by the selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists, des-Arg9-[Leu8]-bradykinin and des-Arg9-NPC 17761 (des-Arg0-D-Arg [Hip3, D-HipE (transtiofenil)7, Oic8]-des-Arg9-bradykinin). However, the selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists, HOE 140 (D-Arg0-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]-bradykinin) and NPC 17731 (D-Arg0 [Hyp3, DHypE (transpropyl)7, Oic8]-bradykinin), completely blocked des-Arg9-bradykinin-mediated contraction. Pre-treatment of the animals with Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, 30 microg/animal, i.v., 24 h) did not significantly change the response to des-Arg9-bradykinin induction. It is concluded that des-Arg9-bradykinin-induced contractions in guinea-pig gallbladder are mediated primarily by the release of proinflammatory eicosanoid(s) derived from the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. These effects are unrelated to thromboxane A2 and do not seem to be coupled to activation of a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Response to des-Arg9-bradykinin increases as a function of the equilibration period of the preparation by a mechanism dependent on protein synthesis and seems to be mediated by activation of bradykinin B2 (but not B1) receptors. Finally, in contrast to that observed for bradykinin, the contraction induced by des-Arg9-bradykinin in guinea-pig gallbladder is fully dependent on the influx of extracellular Ca2+, partially through L-type Ca2+ channels.