Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification01:18

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification

Adrenergic agonists can be classified based on their therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action. They serve various purposes in clinical applications.
Vasopressor or pressor agents: They increase blood pressure and function as cardiac stimulants. Examples include endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and synthetic agents (phenylephrine).
Bronchodilators: β2-agonists can relax bronchial muscles and widen airways. They are commonly used for treating obstructive pulmonary...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retrotracheal space width as potential novel predictor for congenital esophageal atresia.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2023
Same author

Monozygotic twins discordant for primary aldosteronism: a case report.

Journal of human hypertension·2017
Same author

Monozygotic twins discordant for primary aldosteronism: a case report.

Journal of human hypertension·2017
Same author

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Binding Molecule ATRAP as a Possible Modulator of Renal Sodium Handling and Blood Pressure in Pathophysiology.

Current medicinal chemistry·2015
Same author

First successful case of non-invasive in-utero treatment of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence by high-intensity focused ultrasound.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2013
Same author

High-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology·2012
Same journal

[Development of novel therapeutics for multiple myeloma and improvement of drug lag].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
Same journal

[Clinical pharmacy services to patients of immunomodulatory drugs].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
Same journal

[Therapeutic drug monitoring of the new anti-myeloma drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
Same journal

[Prognostic value of minimal residual disease assessment using next-generation sequencing in multiple myeloma].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
Same journal

[The evaluation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma by an allele-specific oligonucleotide real-time PCR].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
Same journal

[Evaluation of minimal residual disease in myeloma by multiparametric flow cytometry].

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine·2019
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Published on: August 10, 2012

[Catecholamine and dopamine]

S Umemura1, T Ebina, Y Toya

  • 1Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers have cloned genes for catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) enzymes and receptors. Gene knockout and transgenic mouse models are advancing the study of these critical neurotransmitter systems.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake
11:26

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Published on: September 21, 2017

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
13:35

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

Published on: March 1, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Published on: August 10, 2012

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake
11:26

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Published on: September 21, 2017

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
13:35

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

Published on: March 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) are vital neurotransmitters.
  • Understanding their synthesis, metabolism, and receptor interactions is crucial for neuroscience.

Purpose:

  • To review the cloning of catecholamine-related genes and the development of gene knockout and transgenic mouse models.
  • To highlight advancements in understanding catecholamine receptor subtypes and intracellular signaling pathways.

Summary:

  • Genes for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase) and metabolizing enzymes have been cloned.
  • Nine adrenergic and five dopamine receptor subtypes have been identified and cloned.
  • Gene targeting technologies have produced knockout and transgenic mice for these genes, aiding research.
  • Intracellular signal transduction systems, including adenylyl cyclase subtypes, are being elucidated using molecular techniques.

Impact:

  • These molecular tools and animal models provide a foundation for future research into catecholamine system functions.
  • Detailed characterization of catecholamine systems, receptors, and signaling pathways will be achieved.
  • This work facilitates a deeper understanding of neurological processes and potential therapeutic targets.