Temperature determination in the frozen region during cryosurgery of rabbit liver using MR image analysis

Cryosurgery currently is being used clinically to treat tumors in internal organs such as the liver and prostate. Although performed at present under ultrasound monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guidance of these procedures not only permits monitoring of the frozen region during cryosurgery but also makes it possible to determine the temperature distribution in the frozen region, which is not possible using ultrasound monitoring. A good estimate of the region of destruction in the tissue can be obtained from correlating the temperature distribution and the time course of the freezing with the image of the frozen region. Unfortunately, MR pulse sequence-based temperature determination techniques such as diffusion, relaxation time, and chemical shift cannot be used for measuring the temperature in the frozen region because the T2 of the frozen regions is so short that there is effectively no RF signal from the frozen region. This paper describes a numerical technique for determining the two dimensional temperature distribution in the frozen region during MR image-guided cryosurgery of normal liver in rabbits. The technique involves solving the energy equation numerically in the frozen region to determine the temperature distribution there. The boundary conditions needed to solve the equation are determined from MR images of the frozen tissue during cryosurgery and from the measured temperature of the cryoprobe. The calculated temperature in the frozen region is then correlated with the damaged region (cryolesion) determined from post mortem histologic evaluation.