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Local anesthesia for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction
L D Barkmeier1, D B Hood, D S Sumner
1Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-1312, USA.
Insights
Local anesthesia is a safe and effective option for infrainguinal revascularization in high-risk patients, minimizing cardiac complications and improving recovery. This approach offers significant advantages over general or regional anesthesia for limb salvage operations.
Area of Science:
- Vascular Surgery
- Anesthesiology
- Cardiology
Background:
- Perioperative cardiac complications affect 4-6% of patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization.
- High-risk patients with complex cardiac conditions face increased risks with general or regional anesthesia.
- Urgent limb salvage operations necessitate careful anesthetic considerations for vulnerable patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of using local anesthesia for infrainguinal revascularization.
- To assess the safety and efficacy of local anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients.
- To determine if local anesthesia is a viable alternative to general or regional anesthesia for limb salvage.
Main Methods:
- 86 infrainguinal reconstructions performed under local infiltration anesthesia (0.5% or 1.0% lidocaine).
- Intravenous sedation used as needed for patient comfort.
- Postoperative monitoring included continuous electrocardiography.
Main Results:
- Low rates of perioperative cardiac complications (2% myocardial infarctions).
- Two postoperative deaths (2.4%) occurred, one from stroke.
- General anesthesia conversion was required in 5% of cases due to agitation or extensive vein harvesting.
Conclusions:
- Infrainguinal limb salvage operations can be safely performed under local anesthesia.
- Local anesthesia offers theoretical and practical advantages for selected high-risk patients.
- Local anesthesia should be considered a valuable alternative to general or regional anesthesia.
Purpose:
Perioperative cardiac complications occur in 4% to 6% of patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization under general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia. The risk may be even greater in patients whose cardiac disease cannot be fully evaluated or treated before urgent limb salvage operations. Prompted by these considerations, we investigated the feasibility and results of using local anesthesia in these high-risk patients.
Methods:
From January 1, 1994, through August 30, 1996, 86 infrainguinal reconstructions were performed under local infiltration anesthesia (0.5% or 1.0% lidocaine). Supplementary intravenous sedation with propofol or other agents was given as needed for patients comfort. Most patients had arterial lines but Swan Ganz catheters were used infrequently. Postoperatively, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was continued in the intermediate or intensive care units. Patients ranged in age from 37 to 86 years (mean 68 +/- 12); 47% were diabetic, 69% had severe coronary artery disease, and 14% had end-stage renal disease.
Results:
Operations included 7 femoral-femoral, 21 femoral-popliteal, 16 femoral-tibial and 13 popliteal-tibial bypass grafts, 9 pseudoaneurysms, and 20 distal graft revisions (+/- thrombectomy). Autogenous vein was used in eight of the femoral-popliteal and all of the femoral-tibial and popliteal-tibial bypass grafts. There were two postoperative deaths. One patient died of a stroke (1.2%) on postoperative day (POD) 2 and one died on POD 27 of unknown cause. Two other (2%) patients had nonfatal subendocardial myocardial infarctions. Conversion to general anesthesia was required in four (5%) operations, three because patients became agitated and one because a long segment of vein had to be harvested from the opposite leg. Otherwise, patients tolerated the procedures well and postanesthetic recovery problems were minimized.
Conclusions:
Limb salvage operations can be done under local anesthesia with acceptable complication rates. In selected patients with high-risk coronary artery disease, local anesthesia has theoretic and practical advantages and should be considered an alternative to general or regional anesthesia.