Sympathetic blockade does not enhance tissue warming during isolated heated limb perfusion

Isolated, heated limb perfusion is used for the treatment of locally recurrent melanoma, intransit metastases, and acral lentiginous melanomas. Tissue warming during this procedure requires adequate perfusion within the isolated extremity. At our institution, spinal or epidural anesthesia was used to produce sympathetic blockade and vasodilation for lower extremity procedures. More recently, we began using mild systemic hyperthermia to produce active thermoregulatory vasodilation. In the presence of heat stress, sympathetic blockade may actually decrease skin blood flow because active cutaneous vasodilation, which is associated with sweating, is dependent on intact sympathetic innervation. We therefore investigated whether the continued use of neuraxial blockade was justified. Twenty patients undergoing lower extremity perfusions were alternately assigned to receive either combined general and spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia alone. All were aggressively warmed using forced air and circulating water. There were no significant differences in tissue temperatures (measured at four sites in the isolated limb) between groups at any time before or after the start of perfusion. Similarly, pump flow (715 +/- 211 mL/min versus 965 +/- 514 mL/min) and the time required to achieve an average tissue temperature of 39 degrees C (43 +/- 16 vs 34 +/- 13 min) were not different between groups (spinal versus no spinal). Sweating was observed in all but three patients at esophageal temperatures of 37.9 +/- 0.6 degrees C. We conclude that sympathetic blockade confers no added benefit for tissue warming during isolated limb perfusions in the presence of induced mild systemic hyperthermia.

Sympathetic blockade prevents adrenergic vasoconstriction, but also inhibits active, neurally mediated cutaneous vasodilation (a normal thermoregulatory response to heat). In slightly hyperthermic patients, we demonstrated that spinal anesthesia does not improve convective tissue warming during isolated, heated limb perfusion. Mild systemic hyperthermia may promote greater vasodilation than sympathetic blockade.