[Activation of Rap1, antagonist to ras, by Crk-C3G]

Rap1 was identified as gene whose overexpression suppressed transformation by ras. Rap1 belongs to the Ras family. The amino acid sequences of Rap1 and Ras show 55% identity to each other. Due to this high sequence similarity, Rap1 binds to effector molecules of Ras, however, Rap1 does not activate them. Thus, Rap1 functions are antagonistic to Ras in the cells. C3G was identified as a Crk SH3-binding guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Biochemical and cell biological analyses revealed that C3G is a Rap1 activator. Since it has been considered that Crk transduces signals from tyrosine kinases, this finding suggests that the activity of Rap1 is also under the control of tyrosine kinases. Overexpression of C3G in ras-transformed cells caused the morphology of the cells to revert to that of normal cells. Moreover, a mutant cell line that was resistant to EGF-dependent transformation was isolated. In the cell line a mutation was found in crk gene that was the cause of the resistance. These findings suggest that Crk-C3G-Rap1 pathway may function as an anti-transformation machinery.