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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...
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Definition and Purpose
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
10:41

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Published on: December 14, 2011

X-ray of trunk rotation

K Lewit1

  • 1Neurological Clinic, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague-Vinohrady, Czech Republic.

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
|October 6, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Trunk rotation involves coupled side bending and rotation in the lumbar spine, continuing into the thoracic spine. Movement restrictions at the thoracolumbar junction are not visible on X-rays.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Anatomy
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The lumbar zygapophyseal joints are thought to limit axial rotation.
  • Understanding thoracolumbar spine mechanics during trunk rotation is crucial for diagnosing and treating spinal restrictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of the thoracolumbar spine during trunk rotation.
  • To investigate the nature of movement restrictions in the thoracolumbar spine.

Main Methods:

  • Patients with unilateral rotation restriction underwent examination with the pelvis fixed.
  • Maximum trunk rotations (right and left) were assessed before and after mobilization.
  • Anteroposterior X-rays were taken with a horizontal beam during maximal rotation.

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Main Results:

  • Coupled rotation and side flexion occurred during trunk rotation in all patients.
  • Movement initiated at L5 and progressed cranially without a distinct maximum.
  • The thoracolumbar junction, often near midline, showed opposite thoracic spine bending when restricted.

Conclusions:

  • Contrary to assumptions, coupled side bending and rotation occur in the lumbar spine during trunk rotation.
  • This coupled motion extends seamlessly into the thoracic spine.
  • Radiographic visualization of movement restriction sites, typically at the thoracolumbar junction, is not possible.