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Related Concept Videos

Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review

M O Meade1, W S Richardson

  • 1University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Annals of Internal Medicine
|October 6, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Systematic reviews require rigorous study selection and appraisal methods to minimize bias and error. Detailed protocols and duplicate, independent reviews are crucial for reliable evidence synthesis.

Area of Science:

  • Evidence-based medicine
  • Systematic review methodology

Background:

  • Systematic reviews are essential for synthesizing research but are susceptible to bias and error.
  • Study selection and critical appraisal are key sequential tasks in systematic reviews.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline methodical, impartial, and reliable strategies for study selection and critical appraisal in systematic reviews.
  • To ensure the quality and applicability of systematic review findings.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a focused clinical question and clear selection criteria.
  • Utilizing detailed protocols and customized forms for study selection, often with dual review.
  • Establishing explicit protocols and customized forms for critical appraisal, employing techniques like blinding and author correspondence.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
08:36

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

Main Results:

  • Systematic approaches enhance the reliability of study selection and appraisal processes.
  • Minimizing bias and random error is achievable through structured methodologies.
  • Detailed reporting allows readers to assess review applicability and inference strength.

Conclusions:

  • Rigorous planning and execution of study selection and appraisal are vital for high-quality systematic reviews.
  • Standardized methods reduce subjectivity and improve the validity of synthesized evidence.
  • Transparency in reporting facilitates the clinical application of systematic review findings.