Update on prostate cancer screening

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of death in men; it is diagnosed in about 1 in 10 men. Significant risk factors include, but are not limited to, race and age; the peak age at diagnosis is the seventh decade. A through screening program, sensitive to the risk factors and targeted to patients with curable prostate cancer, can decrease the rates of mortality and morbidity associated with this disease, without overtreating patients who have latent cancer. Screening methods include annual digital rectal examinations and prostate-specific antigen tests. Staging is important when treatment options are considered and treatment morbidity rate is weighed against disease mortality rate. Research concerning genetics changes and chemoprevention trials of vitamins and hormonal agents are targeted toward primary prevention. Implications for practice should include primary prevention, screening and detection, public education, and monitoring of the disease.