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Related Experiment Videos

Opercular jetting during fast-starts by flatfishes

Brainerd, Page, Fish

    The Journal of Experimental Biology
    |January 1, 1997
    PubMed
    Summary

    Flatfishes use a jet of water expelled from their opercular valve to overcome suction forces, known as Stefan adhesion, when escaping predators. This water jet helps them rapidly lift off the ocean bottom during fast-start maneuvers.

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    Area of Science:

    • * Animal Behavior and Biomechanics
    • * Ichthyology and Aquatic Ecology

    Background:

    • * Flatfishes exhibit rapid escape responses called fast-starts when threatened by predators.
    • * These fish lie on the ocean bottom and must overcome adhesion forces to initiate movement.
    • * Stefan adhesion, a suction pressure, impedes rapid vertical take-off due to water viscosity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To investigate the function of the opercular water jet in flatfish escape behavior.
    • * To quantify the contribution of Stefan adhesion to the force required for flatfish escape.
    • * To determine if flatfishes employ behavioral mechanisms to mitigate Stefan adhesion.

    Main Methods:

    • * High-speed video recording of flatfish fast-start escape responses.
    • * Buccal pressure measurements in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).
    • * Physical modeling of fast-starts using a dead flounder to estimate Stefan adhesion forces.

    Main Results:

    • * Flatfishes expel a coherent water jet from the opercular valve during fast-starts.
    • * Buccal pressure pulses precede the fast-start, with magnitudes up to 10.7 kPa.
    • * Stefan adhesion can account for up to 35% of the force needed to lift the fish's head.

    Conclusions:

    • * The opercular water jet is likely used by flatfishes to reduce the effects of Stefan adhesion.
    • * Behavioral strategies, including fin use, also help minimize adhesion forces.
    • * Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into the biomechanics of aquatic escape responses.

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