Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2026

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants
10:18

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

Published on: November 1, 2016

Endosymbiotic chloroplasts in molluscan cells contain proteins synthesized after plastid capture

Pierce, Biron, Rumpho

    The Journal of Experimental Biology
    |January 1, 1996
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts06:29

    Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

    Published on: December 10, 2018

    Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics10:28

    Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

    Published on: October 19, 2018

    Related Concept Videos

    Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

    Anatomy of Chloroplasts

    Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
    The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

    The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

    Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
    Structure of Chloroplasts
    A...
    Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

    Protein Transport to the Stroma

    Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
    Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
    Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

    Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

    Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
    Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
    Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

    Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

    Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
    Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

    Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

    Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...