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Basic principles and molecular mechanisms of olfactory axon pathfinding

Y Yoshihara1, K Mori

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan. yoshi2@obi.or.jp

Cell and Tissue Research
|October 10, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to specific zones and glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, guided by odorant receptor expression. Cell adhesion molecules like OCAM are crucial for this precise zone-to-zone and glomerular targeting.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) exhibit diverse subtypes based on odorant receptor (OR) expression.
  • OSNs expressing a specific OR are topographically organized within distinct zones of the olfactory epithelium.
  • These OSNs project axons to specific targets within the olfactory bulb, forming the basis of olfactory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the mechanisms of axon projection from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb.
  • To elucidate the principles of zone-to-zone and glomerular convergence in olfactory axonal targeting.
  • To discuss the role of cell adhesion molecules, such as OCAM, in establishing these precise neural connections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and experimental findings.

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  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying axon guidance and target recognition.
  • Discussion of the functional implications of axonal projection patterns.

    • Main Results:

    • OSNs expressing a given OR are confined to one of four zones in the olfactory epithelium.
    • Axons from these OSNs project to a corresponding zone in the olfactory bulb (zone-to-zone projection).
    • Axons converge onto a limited number of glomeruli (two) within the olfactory bulb, a principle known as glomerular convergence.
    • OCAM (Odorant Cell Adhesion Molecule) is implicated in the formation and maintenance of these projections.
    • Combinatorial functions of cell adhesion molecules and ORs are likely essential for precise glomerular targeting.

    Conclusions:

    • The precise axonal projection patterns of OSNs establish the response specificity of second-order neurons (mitral/tufted cells) to odorants.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is key to deciphering olfactory coding and perception.
    • Cell adhesion molecules play a critical role in wiring the olfactory system, ensuring accurate odor information processing.