Integration of research in pharmacotherapy for addictive disease: where are we? Where are we going?

Systematic efforts by NIDA and NIAAA to develop new medications for drug and alcohol dependence have resulted in recent FDA approval of LAAM for opiate dependence, naltrexone for alcohol dependence and, more recently, a nasal spray for nicotine dependence. This article reviews the current strategies that guide these development efforts, including further examination of the interactions between potential pharmacotherapeutic agents and the drugs of abuse, the enhancement of pharmacotherapeutic efficacy with nonpharmacological interventions, and the development of more precise and meaningful measures of research outcome.