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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
Published on: September 17, 2019
Comorbidity of mathematics and reading deficits: evidence for a genetic etiology
V S Knopik1, M Alarcón, J C DeFries
1Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA. Valerie.Knopik@Colorado.EDU
Abstract:
In order to assess the genetic etiology of the comorbidity of reading and mathematics difficulties, data were ascertained from two samples: (1) 102 identical and 77 same-sex fraternal twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair is reading disabled and (2) 42 identical and 23 same-sex fraternal twin pairs in which at least one member is math disabled. Composite reading and mathematics performance data from each sample were fitted to the basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data and its bivariate extension. Resulting estimates of bivariate heritability and the genetic correlation between the reading and the mathematics performance measures suggest that the comorbidity between mathematics and reading difficulties is due in part to genetic influences.
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