Vanadate activates membranous nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase in rat adipocytes

The insulin-like effects of vanadate are independent of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation. A cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase (CytPTK), sensitive to inhibition by nanomolar concentrations of staurosporine (concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs [IC50], 1-2 nmol/l), has been implicated in some (i.e., glucose oxidation, lipogenesis) but not all (i.e., hexose uptake, inhibition of lipolysis) of the insulin-like effects of vanadate. We report here the existence of another nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase in rat adipocytes, located exclusively in the plasma membranes (MembPTK), which we suggest is associated with hexose uptake and the antilipolytic activity of vanadate. MembPTK is a nonglycoprotein with an estimated molecular weight of 55-60 kDa. In a cell-free experiment, vanadate activates MembPTK seven- to ninefold (median effective dose, 17 +/- 2 micromol/l). Vanadate-activated MembPTK is inhibited by staurosporine (IC50, 60 +/- 5 nmol/l). In intact adipocytes, staurosporine antagonized vanadate-induced hexose uptake (IC50, 6.0 +/- 0.3 micromol/l) and significantly reversed the antilipolytic effect of vanadate (IC50, 5.0 +/- 0.4 micromol/l). After vanadate treatment, a phosphorylated P55 protein is immunoprecipitated by antibodies to both phosphotyrosine and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. In conclusion, rat adipocytes contain an additional vanadate-activatable nonreceptor membranous protein tyrosine kinase that may participate in the effects of vanadate not carried out by CytPTK. We also suggest that after treatment with vanadate, MembPTK is activated by autophosphorylation and interacts with PI 3-kinase. This may explain how vanadate activates PI 3-kinase without involving receptor activation and IRS-1 phosphorylation.