Thermic effect of food during each phase of the menstrual cycle

The effect of the menstrual cycle on the thermic effect of food (TEF) was examined in eight healthy, normal-weight [mean +/- SD: 56.1 +/- 5.6 kg and body mass index (in kg/m2) 21.3 +/- 1.8] women aged 22-38 y. Their lean body mass and fat mass were 39.4 +/- 2.7 kg and 16.9 +/- 6.5 kg, respectively. TEF was measured on 4 separate days selected to match the four phases of a menstrual cycle: early follicular, follicular, luteal, and late luteal. The volunteers consumed a 3138-kJ liquid meal (54.5% carbohydrate, 14.0% protein, and 31.5% fat) on each test day. Resting metabolic rate was measured for 55 min before the meal and every 30 min after the start of the meal for 205 min. Although resting metabolic rate remained unchanged, there was a significant difference (P < 0.01 by ANOVA) in mean (+/- SEM) values for TEF among the four phases of the cycle: 0.94 +/- 0.05 kJ/min during the early follicular phase, 0.86 +/- 0.09 kJ/min during the follicular phase, 0.70 +/- 0.10 kJ/min during the luteal phase, and 0.76 +/- 0.07 kJ/min during the late luteal phase. TEF decreased significantly (P < 0.025 by paired t test) during postovulation (average of luteal and late luteal phases), when it was 0.73 +/- 0.07 kJ/min, compared with preovulation (average of early follicular and follicular phases), when it was 0.90 +/- 0.06 kJ/min. In conclusion, TEF decreased during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, possibly as a result of impairment of glucose uptake and slower transit of food through the upper gastrointestinal tract.