Application of biofeedback and behavior modification techniques in visual training

A review of the biofeedback literature was made and proposals for use in optometry advanced. To this end electromyograph units can be connected to an apparatus which gives a reward when a patient performs proper eye movements. By this means, patients who undergo visual training become conscious of their eye movements. As a reinforcement, they are rewarded by music or the motion of toys when they give the right answer. Application of the system in cases of strabismus, limitation of gaze, convergence insufficiency or excess, ptosis, and other cases are discussed. Methodological and financial advantages of incorporation of biofeedback reinforcement into visual training are enumerated.