Oral squamous cell carcinoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for Fanconi anaemia

We report a case of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) originating in the buccal mucosa of an 18-year-old female patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) 9 years after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for Fanconi anaemia (FA). The case highlights the problems of malignant change in FA and also the increased risk of second malignancy after BMT. The literature is reviewed with regard to previous cases and the possible aetiology of tumour formation. A high index of suspicion to any epithelial lesion in FA is appropriate so that early diagnosis may lead to improved prognosis.